Christmas 2018: Food For Thought∣(Over)eating out at major UK restaurant chains: observational study of energy content of main meals [2018年圣诞特刊：思想之飨∣在英国的连锁餐厅吃饭（吃多）：对主食能量进行观察性研究]

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BMJ 2018; 363 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4982 (Published 12 December 2018)
Cite this as: BMJ 2018;363:k4982

Authors
Eric Robinson, Andrew Jones, Victoria Whitelock, Bethan R Mead, Ashleigh Haynes

Abstract
Objectives To examine the energy content of main meals served in major UK restaurant chains and compare the energy content of meals in fast food and “full service” restaurant chains.

Design Observational study.

Setting Menu and nutritional information provided by major UK restaurant chains.

Main outcome measures Mean energy content of meals, proportion of meals meeting public health recommendations for energy consumption (≤600 kcal), and proportion of meals with excessive energy content (≥1000 kcal).

Results Main meals from 27 restaurant chains (21 full service; 6 fast food) were sampled. The mean energy content of all eligible restaurant meals (13 396 in total) was 977 (95% confidence interval 973 to 983) kcal. The percentage of all meals that met public health recommendations for energy content was low (9%; n=1226) and smaller than the percentage of meals with an excessive energy content (47%; 6251). Compared with fast food restaurants, full service restaurants offered significantly more excessively calorific main meals, fewer main meals meeting public health recommendations, and on average 268 (103 to 433) kcal more in main meals.

Conclusions The energy content of a large number of main meals in major UK restaurant chains is excessive, and only a minority meet public health recommendations. Although the poor nutritional quality of fast food meals has been well documented, the energy content of full service restaurant meals in the UK tends to be higher and is a cause for concern.

Registration Study protocol and analysis strategy pre-registered on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/w5h8q/).