Association of plasma biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake with incident type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study in eight European countries [水果和蔬菜摄入的血浆生物标志物与2型糖尿病发病的关系：欧洲八国的EPIC-InterAct病例-队列研究]

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BMJ 2020; 370 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2194 (Published 08 July 2020)
Cite this as: BMJ 2020;370:m2194

Authors
Ju-Sheng Zheng, Stephen J Sharp, Fumiaki Imamura, Rajiv Chowdhury, Thomas E Gundersen, Marinka Steur, Ivonne Sluijs, Yvonne T van der Schouw, Antonio Agudo, Dagfinn Aune, Aurelio Barricarte, Heiner Boeing, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Miren Dorronsoro, Heinz Freisling, Douae El-Fatouhi, Paul W Franks, Guy Fagherazzi, Sara Grioni, Marc J Gunter, Cecilie Kyrø, Verena Katzke, Tilman Kühn, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nasser Laouali, Giovanna Masala, Peter M Nilsson, Kim Overvad, Salvatore Panico, Keren Papier, J Ramón Quirós, Olov Rolandsson, Daniel Redondo-Sánchez, Fulvio Ricceri, Matthias B Schulze, Annemieke M W Spijkerman, Anne Tjønneland, Tammy Y N Tong, Rosario Tumino, Elisabete Weiderpass, John Danesh, Adam S Butterworth, Elio Riboli, Nita G Forouhi, Nicholas J Wareham

Abstract
Objective To investigate the association of plasma vitamin C and carotenoids, as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake, with the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Design Prospective case-cohort study.

Setting Populations from eight European countries.

Participants 9754 participants with incident type 2 diabetes, and a subcohort of 13 662 individuals from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort of 340 234 participants: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study.

Main outcome measure Incident type 2 diabetes.

Results In a multivariable adjusted model, higher plasma vitamin C was associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per standard deviation 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.89). A similar inverse association was shown for total carotenoids (hazard ratio per standard deviation 0.75, 0.68 to 0.82). A composite biomarker score (split into five equal groups), comprising vitamin C and individual carotenoids, was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes with hazard ratios 0.77, 0.66, 0.59, and 0.50 for groups 2-5 compared with group 1 (the lowest group). Self-reported median fruit and vegetable intake was 274 g/day, 396 g/day, and 508 g/day for participants in categories defined by groups 1, 3, and 5 of the composite biomarker score, respectively. One standard deviation difference in the composite biomarker score, equivalent to a 66 (95% confidence interval 61 to 71) g/day difference in total fruit and vegetable intake, was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.75 (0.67 to 0.83). This would be equivalent to an absolute risk reduction of 0.95 per 1000 person years of follow up if achieved across an entire population with the characteristics of the eight European countries included in this analysis.

Conclusions These findings indicate an inverse association between plasma vitamin C, carotenoids, and their composite biomarker score, and incident type 2 diabetes in different European countries. These biomarkers are objective indicators of fruit and vegetable consumption, and suggest that diets rich in even modestly higher fruit and vegetable consumption could help to prevent development of type 2 diabetes.